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With a long history as a vantage point for anti-popes forces threatening Rome,〔The Lombard king Desiderius and Frederick Barbarossa (who established his anti-papal there, are both noted by Edward T. Price, "Viterbo: landscape of an Italian city", ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', 54.2 (June 1964:242-75) .〕 Viterbo became a papal city in 1243. During the later thirteenth century, the ancient Italian city of Viterbo was the site of five papal elections and the residence of seven popes and their Curias, and it remains the location of four papal tombs. These popes resided in the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo alongside the Viterbo Cathedral intermittently for two decades, from 1257 to 1281;〔 as a result, the papal palace in Viterbo, with that in Orvieto, are the most extensive thirteenth-century papal palaces to have survived.〔Gary M. Radke, "Medieval Frescoes in the Papal Palaces of Viterbo and Orvieto", ''Gesta'', 1984; Radke, ''Viterbo: Profile of a Thirteenth Century Papal Palace'', 1996.〕 Shifting political and economic alliances pushed and pulled various popes of that century from Rome, taking refuge in other, not invariably hospitable, Italian city-states like Perugia and Orvieto. The primary cleavage in these divisions was between the Angevin and Hohenstaufen claimants to the title of Holy Roman Emperor, whom the pope could crown. ==Prior papal connections== According to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article on Viterbo, "during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the city several times afforded the popes an asylum."〔 Pope Paschal II (1099–1118) was brought to Viterbo as a prisoner in 1111,〔 and when Pope Adrian IV (1154–1159) met with Frederick Barbarossa in the city in 1155, the city was firmly in the Emperor's hands Antipopes Paschal III (1164–1168) and Callixtus III (1168–1178) took shelter in Viterbo, where the nobility had Ghibelline loyalties, but—according to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia''—much of the populace remained loyal to Pope Alexander III.〔 Viterbo rebelled against the Emperor after the peace between pope and Emperor was concluded.〔 Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) issued a papal bull from Viterbo in 1214.〔William Heywood (1910) ''(A History of Perugia )'', p. 35.〕 Viterbo remained loyal to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and refused to admit Pope Gregory IX in 1232.〔 A series of sieges brought the city back and forth between Guelf and Ghibelline loyalty.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Viterbo Papacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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